Making Environmental Education Accessible for All Students: Inclusion of Students with Emotional and Behavioral Disabilities

: One of the most difficult tasks of an educator is engaging students in rigorous learning opportunities. A greater challenge is finding ways in which environmental education can be accessible to all students, especially those with Emotional and Behavior Disorders. This article and lesson provides best practices for engaging students with Emotional and Behavioral Disabilities in environmental concepts through varied representations and expressions of content. In addition, teaching collaborative protocols to fully engage students with social skills challenges within the local environment are discussed. The instructional approaches are aligned to increasing academic discourse, building positive peer-peer relationships, and observation using multiple modalities.

Environmental education is important for students to experience firsthand in order to make a lasting impression and provide authentic experiences. Science educators are responsible for engaging students in rigorous outdoor learning opportunities, which can become daunting when identifying ways to make environmental education accessible to all students, including those navigating behavior challenges. Students with classified Emotional and Behavior Disorders (EBD) may display behaviors such as aggression towards instructors and peers (i.e., verbal and physical threats), opposition to directions, and even elopement from the classroom. Given the severity of the behaviors, the tendency of many teachers is to avoid activities in new outdoor settings and eliminate cooperative learning opportunities. These practices occur despite evidence that science education is highly effective when applied outdoors. In addition, cooperative learning practices increase empathy and reduce bullying in middle school settings (Kendrick et al., 2012;Ryzin & Roseth, 2019). Cooperative learning opportunities can help to build social support networks, which are cited as a buffer or preventative factor against two negative outcomes, stress (Cassell, 1974;Cutrona & Russell, 1990;House, 1981;Lin & Ensel, 1989) and depression (Alloway & Bebbington, 1987;Fiore et al., 1986), because they help the recipient cope when difficult life events occur.
Furthermore, according to the National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP; National Center for Education Statistics [NCES], 2012) data students with disabilities perform significantly lower than their general education peers. Of children with disabilities, individuals with Emotional and Behavior Disorders have the lowest graduation rate and are three times more likely to be arrested (Data Resource Center for Child & Adolescent Health, 2005/2006. Given these significant concerns, social support is key to intervention protocols that assist children with emotional challenges. In special education settings, there are numerous daily interaction opportunities between teachers and peers. Investigations that explore specific ways peers, instructors, and students with EBD can bolster social relationships within the classroom environment will enhance the current literature. In response to alarming academic trends among children with behavioral challenges, the authors of this article provide connections to current practices related to enhanced science education and social interaction. To highlight the approach, an example of a lesson that includes a peer assisted learning protocol is detailed to encourage collaborative exploration. This peer-based strategy is embedded within a 5E 1 lesson plan format to allow for optimal student directed engagement with the content. These strategies are tied closely to literature that suggests peer-assisted support enhances access for students with disabilities (Fuchs, Fuchs, & Burish 2000).
The intervention protocol included in this study serves as the independent variable and student collaborative outcomes are the dependent variable. The following topics are detailed, (a) transitioning students with Emotional and Behavior Disabilities outside to conduct hands-on inquiry-based activities, (b) teaching strategies aligned to increasing academic discourse, (c) building positive peer-peer relationships, (d) and observation using multiple modalities.

Using Cooperative Learning Intervention Strategies in the Classroom
The lesson described will address the academic and social needs of learners with Emotional and Behavior Disabilities during science exploration lessons. Specifically, we will include evidence-based Peer Assisted Learning Strategies (PALS) adapted from a special education peer-tutoring program to actively engage students in less structured outdoor settings (U.S. Department of Education, Institute of Education Sciences, What Works Clearinghouse, 2012, June). Typically, the PALS program is implemented as a supplemental intervention for children in elementary and middle school across reading and/or mathematics. The investigators selected an adapted version of PALS for the lessons given the benefits of cooperative learning approaches among students with Emotional and Behavioral Disabilities. The use of cooperative learning strategies in varied subjects and settings can enhance student success based upon the subsequent meaningful conversations, social supports and friendships (Kendrick et al., 2012). In addition, providing a clear protocol for collaboration bolsters academic outcomes and makes learning more accessible, especially for those that struggle with social interactions.
Given the strong evidence surrounding peerbased intervention, it is a promising tool to incorporate in inquiry driven science lessons (Fuchs, Fuchs, & Burish 2000;Kendrick et al., 2012). Many science teachers feel overwhelmed by the idea of taking students with Emotional and Behavioral Disabilities outside to engage in science lessons. By initiating a peer driven intervention protocol, instructors are more likely to meet specific behavioral and academic needs during outdoor learning time. The article provides targeted strategies to involve students with behavioral challenges in outdoor learning within a 5e lesson, (a) Engage, (b) Explore, (c) Explain, (d) Elaborate, and (e) Evaluate.

Engage: Matching Partners
This section should take one 20-25-minute class period. To begin the lesson sequence, utilize the Peer Assisted Learning Strategies (PALS) approach to appropriately match students (Fuchs, Fuchs, & Burish 2000). The PALS approach allows teachers to match academically diverse students, while also considering specific instructional needs. Often, teachers simply pair students based upon ability, which prevents full access and engagement in the lesson. Instead, before the first lesson, assign partner pairs who are not too far apart academically to ensure that needs are varied within the group, the level of discussion is enhanced, and frustration is minimal. First, rank students by ability (Most Advanced= Student 1 and Lowest Scores= Student 6) and then pair them comparably (e.g., student 2 and student 5). Of course, we recognize that teachers must take personality, interest, and related needs into consideration, which may result in slightly adjusted pairs.

Engage: Pre-Intervention Activity
There are two components to the pre-intervention activity, an academic science focus and social-emotional collaboration observation. For the lesson one science activity, provide students with a collaborative task to complete, without any specific expectations relating to teamwork. An example of this task would be to use pictures of different organisms that would fit within each category (mammal, fish, amphibian, reptile, bird, insect) but are different enough from one another to generate discussion regarding the resulting pairs and matching rational (i.e. a cardinal and penguin). The pictures should be displayed around the room for students to visually examine and conduct observations as they try to determine the pairing. Students should note the different adaptations and/or characteristics of the organisms and how they are suited for a specific environment (Birds-wings, beaks, feathers, lay eggs). This should help them to correctly identify the organism that would be in the same category as the one they were provided. After students locate the match, they should share their rationale with the class. Specifically, why they determined their organism would be in the same category as the selected image.
Furthermore, in order for the teacher to assess changes in student collaborative behavior a pre-intervention strategy is outlined. The initial pre-intervention activities provide teachers with insight about social and collaboration needs in connection to successfully accomplishing the Next Generation Science Standards. As students engage in the science activities, the teacher should complete an observation checklist to identify student behaviors observed throughout the class. The checklist (Table 1) highlights collaborative discussion, shared responsibility for completing tasks, and positive reinforcement to one another (compliments). Students can receive up to 12 points for the observed partner engagement behaviors. Although students can demonstrate the behaviors in each category multiple times, the rating is based upon at least one observation per partner. Proficiency is rated as follows: 10-12 points (Meets Expectations), 6-9 points (Approaching Expectations), and 5 or less points (Below: Requires Intervention). The subsequent data on the observed and absent behaviors support the next steps within the planning and intervention implementation.

Explore: Intervention
This section should take a 40-50-minute class period. In the second lesson, the teacher provides guidance to students by creating a Collaboration Compliments List, which includes positive language for participants to utilize throughout the activity. The teacher should prompt the students to generate ideas of positive words that can be stated to encourage one another. For example, that was a great idea, do you agree or have another idea?, etc… (See Figure 1). The teacher records these on the board or on a sheet of chart paper that can be displayed in the classroom.
Upon completion of the Collaboration Compliments List, a partner protocol should be discussed to illustrate the dynamics of a positive learning experience with team members. In addition, the teacher should highlight questions for students to ask one another in times of disagreement. Such as, (a) why do you think we should write _________ instead of ________? (b) How can we add more detail to the drawing or answer? (c) I don't understand your idea can you say it in a different way? (d) I disagree because ___________. Given that the observation sheet for phrases and illustrations is shared, teachers should focus on ways to discuss differences of opinion in relation to the environmental observations. The final step in the intervention is a partner activity to enable students to practice the agreed upon compliment protocols during the outdoor activity (see ). Before going outside, students should work in their groups to complete the first Exploration Record Sheet (Figure 3) which asks students to brainstorm what they think they might Before going outside, the teacher should remind students of acceptable and safe practices when engaging in outdoor experiences. Some general rules should be addressed including: Walking, staying within the boundaries provided by the teacher, leave nature in nature (no damaging of living organisms), maintain a low voice so as not to scare any potential organisms. Today you will be working in teams to explore the outdoor environment and track down examples of different types of organisms. These organisms will help to illustrate the different energy roles in an environment. But before we start our exploration there are a few important terms we need to know.
Producer: An organism that can make its own food. Producers are the source of all food in an ecosystem. Example-plant.
Consumer: An organism that cannot make its own food. Feeds on other organisms. There are three types of consumers: Task: Before going outside: work with your partner to provide examples of each of the following categories of organisms that you think you will see outside during your observations. Use prior knowledge of the local ecosystem to help you brainstorm.

Fig. 3 (continued): Exploration Record Sheet (inside)
Task: Before going outside: work with your partner to provide examples of each of the following categories of organisms that you think you will see outside during your observations. Use prior knowledge of the local ecosystem to help you brainstorm.

Fig. 3 (continued): Exploration Record Sheet (outside)
After you have explored the environment and collected your evidence, complete the following: 1. How did what you actually found compare to what you thought you would find?
2. Why do you think you saw or didn't see what you thought you would? Provide a rationale using evidence from your outdoor observations.
3. Create a food chain that shows the relationship between the organisms you found in your schoolyard. If you were unable to find one of the organisms, list or draw an organism that would fit in that category. A written explanation of the relationships being shown in the food chain needs to be included. How is matter being circulated throughout this ecosystem?

Explain
The Explain, Elaborate, and Evaluate sections should collectively take one 60-minute class period. Following the outdoor exploration, students should return inside to complete the set of questions and draw their food web using the information they gathered outdoors. After students have completed this portion of the activity, they should discuss their recorded findings (Figure 3) with the whole class. Each group should share what they found and how the energy was transferred between their organisms within the food chain. At this point, the teacher should be sure to dispel any incorrect information or misconceptions regarding which organisms fall into which category. The teacher should also probe students for understanding by asking follow up questions such as: (a) Where did you see these organisms? (b) What habitat were they found in? (c) How do you know that this organism is a producer, consumer, decomposer? (d) What evidence can you provide for your categorization of these organisms? (e) What adaptations do the organisms have to survive in their habitat? In addition to discussing the scientific information, the teacher should also discuss the results of the partner protocol and checklist.
Was it successful? What may have worked for the group or not worked and why? What will each pair do differently next time?

Elaborate
The Explain, Elaborate, and Evaluate sections should collectively take one 60-minute class period. After students complete the discussion of outdoor observations, have the groups create information cards for each organism on their sheet. One side should include a picture of the organism and the other side should include information about habitat, what the organism consumes, and what consumes the organism. After these cards are completed, hand out the different organisms from the whole class randomly. Students wear these cards (either taped, or put in sheet protectors with string tied to each side) and stand in a circle. One student (randomly assigned) is given a ball of yarn. That student then passes the ball to another student who represents an organism who either consumes them or is consumed by them. Each time the yarn is passed, the student must provide a rationale for why they chose the specific organism. If students struggle to provide a rationale they can use the information on the back of the card for support. The yarn passing continues until all the organisms are holding onto the yarn.
Have all students to take one step back and pull the string taut. Ask the students which of the organisms is the least important? Once they have identified the organism that they think is the least important, have that student drop their string. Then have all of the other organisms who feel a slack in the string drop their string. This should continue until all organisms have dropped their string. In this way, students should be able to see how things are all linked in an ecosystem and that all organisms are equally important. This web extends beyond just their simple drawings of a food chain and shows the interconnectedness between all organisms. The teacher should probe student understanding by asking: How are the needs of the different organisms met in our food chain? What would happen if an invasive species were introduced into this ecosystem? Why does the food web fall apart if one of the organisms is removed? How is matter flowing through this ecosystem?

Evaluate
The Explain, Elaborate, and Evaluate sections should collectively take one 60-minute class period. In order to measure student knowledge and understanding of the lesson, which not only addressed the concept of producer, consumer, decomposer and energy transfer, but also focused on specific skills and practices based on collaboration and scientific argumentation, students will complete an exit ticket. Using an exit ticket and rubric (table 2) such as the one below, have students answer the questions before leaving the class for the day. Based upon the student rubric, scores of 1, 2, or 3, teachers can determine next steps for instruction.

Exit Ticket
1. List one producer, consumer and decomposer from the outdoor activity and describe how they are connected.
2. Are all organisms important in the ecosystem investigated? Why or why not? Defend your answer using specific examples from class.
3. If you are outside working in a partner team, what should you do if you and your partner cannot agree upon an idea to record? Why?
To provide the reader with an overview of the steps taken during this intervention and lesson, we offer a summary chart (Table 3).

OUTCOMES
As a result of this intervention, the teacher reported fewer behavioral challenges both in class, during instructional transitions, and in outdoor settings. Students appeared to benefit from the peer-based protocol and focus on positive verbal reinforcement throughout the activity. This outcome aligns with previous literature (Fox & Avramidis, 2003), who found that opportunities in outdoor education significantly reduced challenges behaviors presented by children being educated in residential settings. Lane et al. (1983) also noted that students with Emotional and Behavioral Disabilities thrived socially when presented with opportunities to engage in outdoor education. Although multiple studies support our findings by highlighting the benefits of outdoor education, further investigations should be conducted to explore the impact of structured collaborative protocols. Given the positive outcomes cited in the current investigation, these studies will further add to the list of high leverage strategies that support children with and without disabilities during science-based educational opportunities.

Educational Importance
Based upon the significant graduation and post-secondary concerns for students with Emotional and Behavior Disorders it is  Health, 2005Health, /2006. The Peer Assisted Learning Strategies (PALS) approach combined with the 5e lesson is a way to enhance access and engagement for students with challenging behaviors. Literature suggests cooperative learning increases active student discussion, improves perceptions of social support, and strengthens friendships within the classroom setting (Kendrick et al., 2012). The connection to social support is critical given that theoretical frameworks cite social support as a buffer against stress and/or depression (Alloway & Bebbington, 1987;Cassell, 1974;Cutrona & Russell, 1990;Fiore et al., 1986;House, 1981;Lin & Ensel, 1989). Therefore, the strong evidence surrounding peer-based intervention in the areas of academics and social-emotional wellness it is a promising tool to continue incorporating in inquiry driven science lessons (Fuchs, Fuchs, & Burish 2000;Kendrick et al., 2012).
There are many benefits to utilizing a structured collaborative learning format and peer-based protocols during outdoor science exploration. Specifically, peer-based interventions can potentially decrease challenging behaviors observed in class, during instructional transitions, and in outdoor settings. The intervention design supports the inclusion of students with Emotional and Behavior Disabilities using an observation tool, peer-based protocol, sentence stems for discourse guidance, hands-on activities, and ongoing opportunities for practice with specific feedback. Students should also benefit from the high levels of positive verbal reinforcement from classmates throughout activities to enhance social support. It is critical that we continue to strengthen collaborative opportunities among children experiencing social and academic challenges instead of simply denying access to less structured settings. This intervention provides a lens to replicate successful teaching and learning, using techniques and strategies that are most engaging for adolescents with varying needs enrolled in self-contained and inclusive classroom environments.