Teacher Training Workshop for Educators of Students Who Are Blind or Low Vision

The Independent Laboratory Access for the Blind (ILAB) project has developed a suite of speech accessible tools for students who are blind or low vision to use in secondary and postsecondary science laboratory classes. The following are illustrations of experiments designed to be used by educators to introduce them to the ILAB tools, and to demonstrate how these tools can be incorporated into standard laboratory experiments. Information about the Lawrence Hall of Science’s SAVI/SELPH curriculum is also discussed.


INTroDuCTIoN
Residential schools for the blind have provided educational services to students who are blind or low vision (BLV) for well over 100 years (1). In 1975, the passage of public law 94-142 (Education of All Handicapped Children Act, later renamed the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act) started the trend for students who are blind to enter the mainstream classroom (2). However, this trend is leading to the enrollment of a larger proportion of students with multiple disabilities and/ or lower cognitive abilities in the residential schools for the blind (3).
According to Omvig, the quality of education and training will decline, and the assistance and support a student who is BLV initially needs will be drawn away because of the immense amounts of staff time needed to help the severely disabled (4). Day recommends that residential schools for the blind shift from a more purely academic role to an "enabling readiness" mentality, giving students with BLV the skills necessary to thrive in a sight-centered world and the ability to learn and develop throughout their lifetimes (5).
A 1993 study found that over 2/3 of graduates from the schools for the blind were unemployed and a significant percentage received uncompetitive wages (6). In addition, only 2.7% of the workforce in the science, technology, engineering, and mathematics professions are physically disabled, and, of this percentage, only a small number are blind (2). Providing blind and visually impaired students with the opportunity to work in a science laboratory can be advantageous to their employment expectations. The provision of tools and training, which can increase their self-efficacy with regards to the performance of laboratory tasks, may encourage students who are BLV to pursue these lucrative professions (7).

Submersible Audible Light Sensor (SALS)
The SALS is a battery-powered device that registers solution color change or precipitate formation in real time with sound (8). The design is user-friendly, with talking controls and output, and is also cost effective (parts and labor cost $50-100, depending on the number of units produced). The SALS is based on a photocell that measures light intensity changes. The photocell is encased in a transparent "wand" that is small enough to allow measurements to be made in ordinary test tubes or beakers. The test tube or beaker is placed over a light box or a white reflective surface such as a piece of printer paper, as illustrated in Figure 1. As a reaction proceeds, the varying light intensity at the tip of the sensor wand is converted electronically to an audible tone. The chemical change (e.g., how cloudy or dark the solution becomes) is indicated by a more pronounced change in pitch, usually from high to low. The SALS control box has a memory function that allows reference and data pitches to be stored. It can output these pitches directly or as spoken frequency values.

FIGURE 1. Monitoring a color change in a chemical reaction using the SALS and a light box.
The SALS control box can also be fitted with a simple conductivity probe that allows it to detect the conductivity difference between two solutions, for example, aqueous and non-aqueous layers in a separatory funnel. This allows the student conducting an organic chemistry experiment to use the separatory funnel, detecting the point at which the more dense solution has passed completely through the stopcock at the bottom. Figure 2 shows the conductivity probe attached to a 25 mL volumetric pipette, which can be immersed into the separatory funnel. This apparatus was developed for a biodiesel synthesis/separation experiment, which was performed by 20 high school students at the National Federation of the Blind (NFB) Youth Slam in summer 2007.

FIGURE 2. A simple ionic conductivity probe (consisting of two insulated wires, exposed at the tip with a gap between them) can be used with the SALS controller box to convert conductivity to audible pitch. Vernier Laboratory Probes and JAWS Scripts
A number of experiments have been adapted for students who are BLV, using the Vernier Software & Technology laboratory probe

Journal of Science Education for Students with Disabilities
Teacher Training Workshop for Educators of Students Who Are Blind or Low Vision line in conjunction with their Logger Pro 3.5 data collection software package. These have been successfully interfaced with the Job Access with Speech (JAWS) text-to-speech screen reader package by means of the JAWS scripting language, which is flexible enough to allow computer programmers to customize JAWS for applications not envisioned by JAWS software engineers. For the first time, this allows a screen reader to relate all data displayed on Logger Pro. The Vernier probes and JAWS software may be used in conjunction with more recent versions of Logger Pro as well. Additionally, the Ohaus Scout Pro line of balances is among the few types of balances that are Vernier Logger Pro compatible.
A set of hotkeys allows students who are BLV to listen to real-time probe readings from Logger Pro. The control+shift+S keystroke announces the order of the probes displayed on the sensor line, and corresponding realtime probe readings are announced by using keystrokes constructed in a similar manner: control+shift+1 announces the first probe readings, control+shift+2 announces the second probe readings, etc. If control+shift+S announces temperature, pH, and conductivity, in that order, then control+shift+3 announces readings for the conductivity probe (9).
Another hotkey is control+shift+A, which announces all objects on the screen. This includes descriptions of X-Y Cartesian graphs, real-time probe readings (both digital and analog), and access to the data table. All are accessible with the control+tab keystroke. When the table is selected, the up, down, left, and right arrows navigate columns and rows of the data table, which are read along with the data displayed at that data point (9).
Logger Pro also allows the space bar to start and stop data collection, which gives a student who is BLV unprecedented control over data collection. Once collection has concluded, data can be exported into Microsoft Excel, allowing a student who is blind to eliminate bad data points and construct a best-fit line.
Vernier's Lab Pro serves as a probe interface hub and is connected to a PC via a USB standard cable. The Lab Pro can be powered either by four AA batteries or by AC power. This device contains four analog ports for the Vernier analog probes, as well as two digital sonic ports allowing the use of digital probes such as the Vernier drop counter. The Vernier temperature probe, pH probe, colorimeter, and Vernier drop counter were used in the various experiments in this training workshop.
Laboratory tools for students with BLV were developed in the 1970s at the Lawrence Hall of Science at UC-Berkeley. Their curriculum, Science Activities for the Visually Impaired/ Science Enrichment for Learners with Physical Handicaps (SAVI/SELPH) (10, 11), consists of low-tech (and inexpensive) ways for BLV students to work with non-volatile chemicals; specifically, liquid measurement using notched syringes, Braille-labeled floaters for use in conjunction with graduated cylinders, nontraditional metal thermometers that allow for Braille labels, and easy bench-top organizational methods are stressed. One technique is the utilization of a standard cafeteria tray to be used in the work space of the student who is BLV. All glassware needed for the experiment can be placed on the serving tray by the teacher in advance of the lab period starting. This helps students who are BLV to know exactly where glassware and other essential equipment

Journal of Science Education for Students with Disabilities
Teacher Training Workshop for Educators of Students Who Are Blind or Low Vision of transmittance and amount of absorbance. The colorimeter is an analog probe device that connects to the Vernier Lab Pro by using one of the four analog ports. It emits light from a LED light source through a vial of sample that is then recorded by the Logger Pro data collection software.
Transmittance is a measurement of the quantity of light that passes through a sample.
Above is the formula for transmittance, where I 0 is the intensity of the incident light and I is the intensity of the light coming out of the sample. The amount of transmittance recorded from the colorimeter is a percentage. Absorption is the process of absorbing light, while absorbance is the quantity of light being absorbed. Absorbance is relative to the percent of transmittance. The relationship is shown in the equation below. Absorbance is directly related to concentration; the larger the absorbance is, the more concentrated a solution is. Prepare water and food dye solution by adding 25 mL of water in each beaker. Mix in 2, 4 and 6 drops of food dye in the separate are located and minimize possible accidents. It also doubles as a spill tray to minimize chemical spills in the work space.

OVERVIEW
On March 1, 2008, the Independent Laboratory Access for the Blind (ILAB) project sponsored a teacher training workshop at the Pennsylvania State University main campus, the purpose of which was to provide a handson laboratory experience both for students who are BLV and teachers from the State College, Pennsylvania, community. This workshop was made eligible for Pennsylvania Act 48 continuing education credit. The workshop was designed to be completed in two hours. A presentation titled "What to Do if a Blind Student Should Enroll in My Science Class," was presented by Cary Supalo. This presentation discussed various tools for making reading and writing available to the blind, and discussed aspects of legislation and basic teaching techniques and resources available to educators of the blind. A second presentation titled "Low-Cost Tools and Techniques," was presented by Thomas Mallouk, which covered some lowcost tool ideas developed by members of the ILAB team, and included techniques developed as part of the SAVI/SELPH curriculum from the Lawrence Hall of Science.

Experiments Activity 1 (12): Determine Concentrations Using the Colorimeter
In this experiment, the Vernier colorimeter is used to record the transmittance and absorbance of solutions of water and food dye. Different concentrations of food dye are measured in the colorimeter to determine the percentage

Teacher Training Workshop for Educators of Students Who Are Blind or Low Vision
beakers. The beakers should be labeled for the instructor, unknown to students. Buttons on the colorimeter should be Braille-labeled. The colorimeter should be connected to the Lab Pro by means of one of the analog ports, which is then connected to the computer via a USB port.
Logger Pro 3.5 should be opened at the beginning of the experiment. Procedure: The colorimeter should be calibrated before 1.
performing the experiment. Check to make sure the wavelength setting on the colorimeter is at 470nm. Fill a cuvette with distilled water. Cap the cuvette and place it in the port in 2.
the colorimeter. The colorimeter reading is obtained by pressing the space bar on the keyboard. JAWS will announce, "Collection in progress." After about 10 seconds, press the space bar again to stop the reading and JAWS will announce, "Stop collecting." There's a table on the left side of the screen that shows the time in seconds, the percentage of transmittance and the absorption level. At 10 seconds, the transmittance and absorbance is most accurate so the value should be recorded. There should be 100% transmittance and 0 absorbance. Press the CAL button and hold it down for 3. 5 seconds. The absorbance is now calibrated to read 0.000 or 0.001. Use the 1 mL notched syringe to draw out 4. solution from the beaker and transfer it into the colorimeter cuvette. Repeat this process so that 2 mL of this food dye solution is in the cuvette. Run the colorimeter again by filling the cu-5.
vette with the unknown solutions. Record the amount of absorbance. Since absorbance correlates with the concentration of a solution, we can sort the beakers in order of concentration. Activity 2 (13): Separation of Aqueous and Organic Layers Aqueous and organic liquids will naturally form two layers when put together in a container. This happens because of the "like dissolves like" principle. Polar aqueous liquids will not mix with non-polar organic liquids. One method to separate these two layers is with a separatory funnel. In this experiment a separatory funnel and the Submersible Audible Light Sensor (SALS) are used to separate water and vegetable oil. bottom of the separatory funnel.
Open the stopcock on the separatory funnel 5.
so that the water layer begins to drain out of the separatory funnel and into the 250 mL beaker. When the tone changes, close the stopcock and the two layers will have been separated. The oil layer should completely remain in the separatory funnel; the water layer will have been separated out. Dispose of the materials in the appropriate 6. waste container.

Activity 3 (14): Blue Bottle Reaction
The "Blue Bottle Reaction" is a great way to demonstrate the change in color of a solution due to the effects of oxidation. The solution will start out blue and gradually become colorless. The blue color can be restored if the solution is shaken up again. The use of the SALS sensor in this experiment will prove to be very helpful in detecting those color changes. Materials: To determine the change in color, use the 6.
SALS sensor. Turn it on by pressing and holding the Power button. In order to hear the tone continuously so that the change in color will be easier to detect, hold the Play button down until you hear the sensor speak "Constant Tone Mode." Remove the stopper and insert the SALS 7.
sensor probe into the solution in the flask. The color of the solution will slowly 8.
change from blue to clear as the methylene blue is oxidized from the air. To see the blue color again, swirl the solu-9.
tion in the flask. The solution will change from clear to blue and back to clear. When finished, the contents of the reaction 10.
can be poured down the drain with excess water. These workshops can be made eligible for continuing education credits based on individual state requirements. Workshops similar to this one can serve as educational venues for current and future educators to serve students who are BLV. These tools do require some level of training both for teachers and the students. The more practice in advance of a class starting, the better the experience both the teacher and the BLV student will have with the tools, thus enhancing their learning experience.